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Global Health and Tropical Medicine

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The epidemic emergence of HIV: What novel enabling factors were involved

Humans acquired retroviruses from simians, mainly through bushmeat handling. All epidemically successful HIV groups started to spread in early 20th century, contrasting with the antiquity of T-cell lymphotropic viruses, implying that novel enabling factors were involved in HIV emergence. Here we review the Parenteral Serial Transmission and the Enhanced Heterosexual Transmission hypotheses for the adaptation […]
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Comparison of HIV-1 Genotypic Resistance Test Interpretation Systems in Predicting Virological Outcomes Over Time

BACKGROUND: Several decision support systems have been developed to interpret HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping results. This study compares the ability of the most commonly used systems (ANRS, Rega, and Stanford’s HIVdb) to predict virological outcome at 12, 24, and 48 weeks. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Included were 3763 treatment-change episodes (TCEs) for which a HIV-1 genotype was […]
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Enhanced heterosexual transmission hypothesis for the origin of pandemic HIV-1.

HIV-1 M originated from SIVcpz endemic in chimpanzees from southeast Cameroon or neighboring areas, and it started to spread in the early 20th century. Here we examine the factors that may have contributed to simian-to-human transmission, local transmission between humans, and export to a city.
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High GUD incidence in the early 20 century created a particularly permissive time window for the origin and initial spread of epidemic HIV strains

The processes that permitted a few SIV strains to emerge epidemically as HIV groups remain elusive. Paradigmatic theories propose factors that may have facilitated adaptation to the human host (e.g., unsafe injections), none of which provide a coherent explanation for the timing, geographical origin, and scarcity of epidemic HIV strains.
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Superinfection with drug-resistant HIV is rare and does not contribute substantially to therapy failure in a large European cohort

Superinfection with drug resistant HIV strains could potentially contribute to compromised therapy in patients initially infected with drug-sensitive virus and receiving antiretroviral therapy. To investigate the importance of this potential route to drug resistance, we developed a bioinformatics pipeline to detect superinfection from routinely collected genotyping data, and assessed whether superinfection contributed to increased drug resistance in a large European cohort of viremic, drug treated patients.
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