DRUG DISCOVERY AND DRUG RESISTANCE builds on existing funded research, knowledge, infrastructures (2 BSL3 laboratories; animal house, security insectary, biobank), animal models of infection (malaria, TB, neglected tropical diseases), drug resistant pathogen collections, and access to clinical samples. We work to identify new therapeutic and transmission-blocking drugs, and timely detection and characterization of drug and insecticide resistance related to mutations, efflux or other mechanisms on key pathogens and vectors. In addition, tracking the prevalence and spread of drug resistance mutations by molecular epidemiology and WGseq predictive data on genetic determinants leading to resistance to new drugs or insecticides prior to or upon market release and develop surveillance tools to monitor resistance and predictive models that anticipate the dynamics of resistance development and allows national treatment policies to be adjusted.