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Global Health and Tropical Medicine

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Identification of efflux pump-mediated multidrug-resistant bacteria by the ethidium bromide-agar cartwheel method.

BACKGROUND/AIM:
Bacterial multidrug resistance may be mediated by the overexpression of efflux pumps. Conventional evaluation of efflux activity using efflux pump substrates, such as ethidium bromide, requires specialised instrumentation. The agar-based method, previously reported, has been modified to evaluate as many as twelve bacterial strains and has been termed the ethidium bromide-agar cartwheel method.
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Phenothiazines, bacterial efflux pumps and targeting the macrophage for enhanced killing of intracellular XDRTB

Phenothiazines have their primary effects on the plasma membrane of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Among the components of the prokaryotic plasma membrane affected are efflux pumps, their energy sources, energy providing enzymes such as ATPases, and genes that regulate and code for permeability aspects of the bacterium.
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An original deal for new molecule: reversal of efflux pump activity, a rational strategy to combat gram-negative resistant bacteria.

The worldwide dissemination of «multi-drug resistant» (MDR) pathogens has severely reduced the efficacy of our antibiotic arsenal and increased the frequency of therapeutic failure. MDR bacteria over-express efflux pumps and this active mechanism can extrude all classes of antibiotics from the cell.
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Ethidium bromide efflux by Salmonella: modulation by metabolic energy, pH, ions and phenothiazines

The main efflux pump of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, which obtains its energy for the extrusion of noxious agents from the proton-motive force, was studied with the aid of an ethidium bromide (EtBr) semi-automated method under conditions that define the role of metabolic energy, ions and pH in the extrusion of the universal substrate EtBr.
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